Hymne nationale de l’Afrique du Sud : Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika
Dans la Rubrique Hymne internationale, ce mois ci nous allons parler de l’Afrique du Sud
L’Afrique du Sud est nommé le pays arc en ciel. En effet sa population se répartit entre noirs 80.2%, Coloureds, 8,8 %, blancs, 8,4 % qui sont à la tête de la plupart des infrastructures d’ampleur du pays, et asiatiques 2,5 % . En 2017, on comptait 56,72 millions d’habitants.
Pour parler de l’histoire de l’Afrique du Sud, il est nécessaire de parler de la colonisation.
Des traces retrouvées nous disent que des explorateurs chinois, arabes ou indiens y seraient passés en visite, avant le 16 e siècle,
Concernant les européens c’est tout à fait différents,
vers 1657, les salariés engagés par les entreprises de traités humaines européennes, y sont installés. puis vers 1691 quand la pointe de l’Afrique du sud jusqu’ici appeler par les colons le cap de bonne espérance, dévient officiellement la colonie du Cap, les famille arrivent. Ces individus, appelés encore aujourd’hui les Boers, (de l’afrikaans « boer », signifiant « paysan », sont les premières populations blanches d’Afrique du Sud. Ce sont Des familles de fermiers majoritairement originaires de l’actuel Pays-Bas, mais aussi d’Allemagne et de France.
Les premiers contacts entre les familles de fermiers blancs boers et les bantous, la population locale, sont relaté vers 1770, et semblent très conflictuelles.
Alors territoire néerlandais, l’Afrique du Sud entre sous l’emprise de l’empire britannique en 1806.
Au fur et à mesure que sont découvertes les ressources naturelles de diamant, d’or et de charbon, les populations locales sont dénigré et des guerres se déclenchent. Provoquant même l’opposition des descendants des fermiers blancs contre l’administration britannique. Pour tenter de contrer les tensions, les britanniques développent des camps de concentration. Durant la Seconde guerre des Boers, de 1899 à 1902, 49 camps sont développés par l’armée impériale britannique afin d’y interner les populations civiles boers et indigènes.Sur près de 145 000 femmes et enfants boers internés dans, près de 28000 y moururent, victimes de conditions de vie effroyables,
Quelques années plus tard, une entente est trouvé entre les boers et l’armée impériale britannique, développant en 1912, le Native land act. Ce traité
, divise le territoire sud-africain entre les terres indigènes (7 % puis 13 % du territoire) et les terres destinées aux Blancs et aux administrations publiques (87 % du territoire).
Nous arrivons maintenant à la partie de l’histoire de l’Afrique du Sud que nous connaissons le mieux, l’apartheid.
En 1948, Un concept officiel, nommé apartheid, répartit, selon des critères raciaux ou ethniques, les populations du pays dans des zones géographiques déterminées.
En 1960, le massacre de Sharpeville puis l’interdiction de l’anc le congrès national africain, et les mouvements nationalistes africains mènent à la condamnation de la politique d’apartheid par les Nations unies et par la communauté internationale.
Le Massacre de Sharpeville par wikipedia
Le 18 mars 1960, Robert Sobukwe, président du Congrès panafricain d’Azanie (PAC), appelle à des manifestations non violentes dans tout le pays le 21 mars pour contester les « pass » (passeport intérieur), demander leur abrogation et l’augmentation de la rémunération de base de la journée de travail[1]. Les manifestants sont appelés à se réunir devant les postes de police et à se porter volontaires à l’arrestation pour « non-port du pass ». Le but est que tous les postes de police soient rapidement débordés et incapables de procéder aux arrestations et aux emprisonnements. Il s’agit aussi pour le PAC de s’imposer face à son rival, le Congrès national africain, ANC, en entente avec les colons britanniques.
Le 21 mars 1960, les militants du PAC agirent dans tout le pays (Soweto, où Sobukwe est arrêté et emprisonné, Langa et Marcha au Cap, la région du Vaal notamment Boipatong et Bophelong). Près de Vereeniging, dans le township de Sharpeville, les militants du PAC immobilisèrent les transports en commun, bloquant les banlieusards dans leur township. Ces derniers furent alors nombreux à venir manifester pacifiquement leur colère devant le commissariat pour y brûler leurs documents d’identités controversés.
Le chef du poste de police avait pour ordre de disperser la foule, celle-ci, formant par endroits une masse compacte, composée pour l’essentiel de femmes, d’enfants, de personnes âgées, d’ouvriers et d’employés. Pourtant, une ligne de policiers fut placée face à l’entrée du poste, les armes chargées et la foule mise en joue. Certains défendent l’emportement ou l’accident,
En tout cas, on releva 69 morts et parmi les 178 blessés, un nombre très impressionnant de blessures par balles dans le dos, à la tête ou à la poitrine.
****
Après plus de 30 ans de massacres et de négociations politiques, et notamment grâce aux actions de Nelson Mandela, l’apartheid est aboli en 1991
Ce qui n’empêcha pas de nombreuses injustices de perdurer
Depuis la fin de l’apartheid, l’égalité des revenus entre les différents groupes de populations n’a pas progressé et l’Afrique du Sud connaît un taux d’inégalité parmi les plus élevés au monde. C’est toutefois une puissance de référence pour le continent africain étant la deuxième puissance économique d’Afrique derrière le Nigeria.
L’hymne nationale que nous allons écouter maintenant, adoptée en 1997, est une combinaison de Die Stem van Suid-Afrika, la voix de l’Afrique du sud, l’ancien hymne national sud-africain, avec Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika, un chant liturgique populaire africain adopté par les mouvements anti-apartheid,
L’ensemble formule un chant contre la guerre et une ode à la liberté, où s’alternent les 5 langues les plus parlé d’Afrique du sud , le zoulou, le sesotho, l’afrikaans , le xhosa et l’anglais
Accompagnement Musical :
Pata pata de Miriam Makeba
Rédaction par Myriam Sammour
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