Hymne nationale de l’Afrique du Sud : Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika
Dans la Rubrique Hymne internationale, ce mois ci nous allons parler de l’Afrique du Sud
L’Afrique du Sud est nommé le pays arc en ciel. En effet sa population se répartit entre noirs 80.2%, Coloureds, 8,8 %, blancs, 8,4 % qui sont à la tête de la plupart des infrastructures d’ampleur du pays, et asiatiques 2,5 % . En 2017, on comptait 56,72 millions d’habitants.
Pour parler de l’histoire de l’Afrique du Sud, il est nécessaire de parler de la colonisation.
Des traces retrouvées nous disent que des explorateurs chinois, arabes ou indiens y seraient passés en visite, avant le 16 e siècle,
Concernant les européens c’est tout à fait différents,
vers 1657, les salariés engagés par les entreprises de traités humaines européennes, y sont installés. puis vers 1691 quand la pointe de l’Afrique du sud jusqu’ici appeler par les colons le cap de bonne espérance, dévient officiellement la colonie du Cap, les famille arrivent. Ces individus, appelés encore aujourd’hui les Boers, (de l’afrikaans « boer », signifiant « paysan », sont les premières populations blanches d’Afrique du Sud. Ce sont Des familles de fermiers majoritairement originaires de l’actuel Pays-Bas, mais aussi d’Allemagne et de France.
Les premiers contacts entre les familles de fermiers blancs boers et les bantous, la population locale, sont relaté vers 1770, et semblent très conflictuelles.
Alors territoire néerlandais, l’Afrique du Sud entre sous l’emprise de l’empire britannique en 1806.
Au fur et à mesure que sont découvertes les ressources naturelles de diamant, d’or et de charbon, les populations locales sont dénigré et des guerres se déclenchent. Provoquant même l’opposition des descendants des fermiers blancs contre l’administration britannique. Pour tenter de contrer les tensions, les britanniques développent des camps de concentration. Durant la Seconde guerre des Boers, de 1899 à 1902, 49 camps sont développés par l’armée impériale britannique afin d’y interner les populations civiles boers et indigènes.Sur près de 145 000 femmes et enfants boers internés dans, près de 28000 y moururent, victimes de conditions de vie effroyables,
Quelques années plus tard, une entente est trouvé entre les boers et l’armée impériale britannique, développant en 1912, le Native land act. Ce traité
, divise le territoire sud-africain entre les terres indigènes (7 % puis 13 % du territoire) et les terres destinées aux Blancs et aux administrations publiques (87 % du territoire).
Nous arrivons maintenant à la partie de l’histoire de l’Afrique du Sud que nous connaissons le mieux, l’apartheid.
En 1948, Un concept officiel, nommé apartheid, répartit, selon des critères raciaux ou ethniques, les populations du pays dans des zones géographiques déterminées.
En 1960, le massacre de Sharpeville puis l’interdiction de l’anc le congrès national africain, et les mouvements nationalistes africains mènent à la condamnation de la politique d’apartheid par les Nations unies et par la communauté internationale.
Le Massacre de Sharpeville par wikipedia
Le 18 mars 1960, Robert Sobukwe, président du Congrès panafricain d’Azanie (PAC), appelle à des manifestations non violentes dans tout le pays le 21 mars pour contester les « pass » (passeport intérieur), demander leur abrogation et l’augmentation de la rémunération de base de la journée de travail[1]. Les manifestants sont appelés à se réunir devant les postes de police et à se porter volontaires à l’arrestation pour « non-port du pass ». Le but est que tous les postes de police soient rapidement débordés et incapables de procéder aux arrestations et aux emprisonnements. Il s’agit aussi pour le PAC de s’imposer face à son rival, le Congrès national africain, ANC, en entente avec les colons britanniques.
Le 21 mars 1960, les militants du PAC agirent dans tout le pays (Soweto, où Sobukwe est arrêté et emprisonné, Langa et Marcha au Cap, la région du Vaal notamment Boipatong et Bophelong). Près de Vereeniging, dans le township de Sharpeville, les militants du PAC immobilisèrent les transports en commun, bloquant les banlieusards dans leur township. Ces derniers furent alors nombreux à venir manifester pacifiquement leur colère devant le commissariat pour y brûler leurs documents d’identités controversés.
Le chef du poste de police avait pour ordre de disperser la foule, celle-ci, formant par endroits une masse compacte, composée pour l’essentiel de femmes, d’enfants, de personnes âgées, d’ouvriers et d’employés. Pourtant, une ligne de policiers fut placée face à l’entrée du poste, les armes chargées et la foule mise en joue. Certains défendent l’emportement ou l’accident,
En tout cas, on releva 69 morts et parmi les 178 blessés, un nombre très impressionnant de blessures par balles dans le dos, à la tête ou à la poitrine.
****
Après plus de 30 ans de massacres et de négociations politiques, et notamment grâce aux actions de Nelson Mandela, l’apartheid est aboli en 1991
Ce qui n’empêcha pas de nombreuses injustices de perdurer
Depuis la fin de l’apartheid, l’égalité des revenus entre les différents groupes de populations n’a pas progressé et l’Afrique du Sud connaît un taux d’inégalité parmi les plus élevés au monde. C’est toutefois une puissance de référence pour le continent africain étant la deuxième puissance économique d’Afrique derrière le Nigeria.
L’hymne nationale que nous allons écouter maintenant, adoptée en 1997, est une combinaison de Die Stem van Suid-Afrika, la voix de l’Afrique du sud, l’ancien hymne national sud-africain, avec Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika, un chant liturgique populaire africain adopté par les mouvements anti-apartheid,
L’ensemble formule un chant contre la guerre et une ode à la liberté, où s’alternent les 5 langues les plus parlé d’Afrique du sud , le zoulou, le sesotho, l’afrikaans , le xhosa et l’anglais
Accompagnement Musical :
Pata pata de Miriam Makeba
Rédaction par Myriam Sammour
buy lyrica 150mg generic order lyrica 150mg pills order pregabalin 150mg
Good day! This is my first visit to your blog! We are a collection of volunteers and starting a new project in a community in the same niche. Your blog provided us beneficial information to work on. You have done a extraordinary job!
Hey! I know this is kinda off topic but I was wondering which blog platform are you using for this site? I’m getting fed up of WordPress because I’ve had problems with hackers and I’m looking at alternatives for another platform. I would be fantastic if you could point me in the direction of a good platform.
order generic plaquenil plaquenil 200mg tablet plaquenil 200mg pills
buy aristocort cheap aristocort 10mg over the counter buy triamcinolone 10mg
cialis overnight cialis tablet pfizer cialis
order desloratadine online buy desloratadine 5mg desloratadine oral
I as well as my pals were actually looking through the best thoughts located on your web page while unexpectedly I got an awful suspicion I had not thanked the web blog owner for those strategies. Those people are already as a result very interested to learn all of them and already have in reality been having fun with them. Thanks for genuinely indeed thoughtful as well as for making a choice on this form of important areas millions of individuals are really wanting to learn about. My very own sincere regret for not saying thanks to you earlier.
order cenforce without prescription buy cenforce order cenforce 100mg sale
Well I really liked studying it. This subject offered by you is very practical for good planning.
purchase loratadine for sale order loratadine 10mg order claritin 10mg sale
order aralen 250mg pills order aralen 250mg pill generic chloroquine 250mg
hi!,I love your writing so much! proportion we communicate extra about your article on AOL? I need a specialist in this area to unravel my problem. Maybe that’s you! Looking ahead to look you.
buy dapoxetine tablets order misoprostol 200mcg without prescription buy cytotec online
I¦ve been exploring for a little for any high-quality articles or blog posts in this kind of space . Exploring in Yahoo I eventually stumbled upon this website. Studying this information So i am happy to exhibit that I have an incredibly good uncanny feeling I came upon exactly what I needed. I so much certainly will make certain to do not put out of your mind this web site and provides it a look regularly.
glycomet 500mg generic order glycomet 500mg pill metformin 500mg drug
cost orlistat order diltiazem 180mg generic buy diltiazem online cheap
atorvastatin over the counter purchase atorvastatin pill buy atorvastatin generic
norvasc 5mg tablet norvasc pills norvasc 10mg price
Very good blog you have here but I was curious if you knew of any discussion boards that cover the same topics discussed here? I’d really love to be a part of group where I can get responses from other knowledgeable individuals that share the same interest. If you have any suggestions, please let me know. Thanks a lot!
order acyclovir 800mg generic buy acyclovir pills for sale allopurinol uk
buy lisinopril 10mg pill buy lisinopril generic lisinopril 5mg usa
Nice read, I just passed this onto a friend who was doing some research on that. And he actually bought me lunch as I found it for him smile Therefore let me rephrase that: Thanks for lunch!
buy generic omeprazole for sale buy prilosec online cheap buy prilosec 10mg sale
Some truly interesting info , well written and generally user pleasant.
buy domperidone 10mg online cheap buy motilium generic order generic tetracycline 500mg
Thanks for another informative web site. Where else could I get that kind of information written in such a perfect way? I’ve a challenge that I am simply now running on, and I have been on the look out for such info.
That is the best blog for anyone who needs to find out about this topic. You realize so much its almost laborious to argue with you (not that I really would need…HaHa). You positively put a brand new spin on a topic thats been written about for years. Great stuff, just nice!
Merely a smiling visitor here to share the love (:, btw great style. « Better by far you should forget and smile than that you should remember and be sad. » by Christina Georgina Rossetti.
You can definitely see your expertise in the paintings you write. The world hopes for even more passionate writers like you who are not afraid to mention how they believe. All the time go after your heart. « Every man serves a useful purpose A miser, for example, makes a wonderful ancestor. » by Laurence J. Peter.
order lopressor without prescription metoprolol 100mg cheap metoprolol generic
cyclobenzaprine 15mg sale cyclobenzaprine oral buy generic baclofen 10mg
Awesome blog! Is your theme custom made or did you download it from somewhere? A theme like yours with a few simple adjustements would really make my blog shine. Please let me know where you got your design. Many thanks
atenolol order online atenolol us buy tenormin sale
toradol 10mg uk gloperba ca colchicine sale
I would like to thnkx for the efforts you have put in writing this blog. I am hoping the same high-grade blog post from you in the upcoming as well. In fact your creative writing abilities has inspired me to get my own blog now. Really the blogging is spreading its wings quickly. Your write up is a good example of it.
methylprednisolone 8mg pills depo-medrol otc buy methylprednisolone tablets
wonderful points altogether, you simply gained a new reader. What would you recommend in regards to your post that you made a few days ago? Any positive?
I like this site very much, Its a very nice spot to read and find information.
Hello there, I discovered your website by the use of Google even as looking for a related matter, your website came up, it appears to be like great. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.
Very interesting details you have observed, thanks for posting. « I love acting. It is so much more real than life. » by Oscar Wilde.
Thank you for the sensible critique. Me and my neighbor were just preparing to do some research on this. We got a grab a book from our area library but I think I learned more from this post. I am very glad to see such magnificent info being shared freely out there.
best college paper writing service help with essay writing buy assignments
order inderal pills order clopidogrel 75mg sale order clopidogrel 75mg sale
Can I just say what a reduction to seek out somebody who truly is aware of what theyre talking about on the internet. You definitely know the way to convey a difficulty to gentle and make it important. Extra folks must learn this and understand this facet of the story. I cant imagine youre no more popular because you definitely have the gift.
methotrexate pills buy coumadin 5mg online cheap order warfarin 5mg generic
I have been absent for some time, but now I remember why I used to love this blog. Thank you, I’ll try and check back more often. How frequently you update your site?
buy meloxicam generic buy mobic 7.5mg celecoxib 200mg sale
Absolutely indited subject matter, Really enjoyed studying.
order metoclopramide generic order cozaar 25mg online buy generic hyzaar online
I am glad to be a visitant of this consummate blog! , appreciate it for this rare information! .
buy tamsulosin 0.2mg generic flomax canada order celebrex 200mg sale
buy esomeprazole order topiramate 200mg generic topamax 100mg without prescription
I will right away clutch your rss feed as I can’t find your email subscription link or e-newsletter service. Do you have any? Kindly let me understand in order that I may subscribe. Thanks.
Very nice design and wonderful content material , absolutely nothing else we want : D.
buy cheap zofran purchase ondansetron generic cost aldactone 100mg
imitrex 50mg drug buy levaquin 500mg sale purchase levofloxacin online
I got what you mean , thankyou for posting .Woh I am glad to find this website through google. « I was walking down the street wearing glasses when the prescription ran out. » by Steven Wright.
zocor online zocor oral buy valacyclovir 500mg
This web site is really a walk-via for the entire info you needed about this and didn’t know who to ask. Glimpse right here, and also you’ll positively discover it.
purchase dutasteride generic buy dutasteride cheap buy generic ranitidine 150mg
magnificent points altogether, you just gained a brand new reader. What would you recommend about your post that you made a few days ago? Any positive?
Hey! I’m at work browsing your blog from my new iphone 3gs! Just wanted to say I love reading through your blog and look forward to all your posts! Carry on the outstanding work!
buy acillin sale purchase penicillin generic amoxicillin buy online
propecia ca propecia canada diflucan pills
I would like to thnkx for the efforts you’ve put in writing this web site. I am hoping the same high-grade web site post from you in the upcoming also. Actually your creative writing skills has encouraged me to get my own web site now. Actually the blogging is spreading its wings rapidly. Your write up is a great example of it.
I am also commenting to let you know what a exceptional experience my girl experienced visiting your webblog. She came to understand lots of details, including what it is like to have a marvelous giving character to let other individuals effortlessly gain knowledge of selected hard to do matters. You actually did more than our expected results. I appreciate you for rendering these interesting, trustworthy, revealing and even unique tips on this topic to Julie.
purchase ciprofloxacin generic – bactrim without prescription buy augmentin 625mg
cost cipro 1000mg – cephalexin 125mg ca augmentin 375mg pills
soin de la peau
I like this weblog so much, saved to bookmarks.
flagyl generic – buy cefaclor capsules for sale azithromycin 250mg generic
ciprofloxacin 500 mg canada – erythromycin cost erythromycin 250mg us
I am not real great with English but I find this very easygoing to translate.
naturally like your website but you need to check the spelling on several of your posts. A number of them are rife with spelling problems and I find it very troublesome to tell the truth nevertheless I will definitely come back again.
Fantastic items from you, man. I have keep in mind your stuff prior to and you’re just too wonderful. I really like what you have received right here, really like what you’re stating and the way through which you are saying it. You are making it enjoyable and you still care for to stay it sensible. I cant wait to read far more from you. That is really a tremendous website.
Someone essentially help to make seriously posts I would state. This is the first time I frequented your website page and thus far? I amazed with the research you made to create this particular publish amazing. Great job!
Hello! I’ve been reading your site for a while now and finally got the courage to go ahead and give you a shout out from Houston Texas! Just wanted to say keep up the excellent job!
brand valacyclovir 500mg – starlix 120 mg price order acyclovir 800mg online
covid and ivermectin – cefixime without prescription order sumycin generic
metronidazole for sale – zithromax order online azithromycin 500mg for sale
buy ampicillin without prescription cheap amoxil tablets cheap generic amoxil
cheap lasix 100mg – prazosin cost buy generic capoten over the counter
glycomet 1000mg sale – lincocin order online buy generic lincocin 500 mg
buy cheap generic retrovir for sale – oral allopurinol 300mg
I would like to thnkx for the efforts you’ve put in writing this site. I am hoping the same high-grade blog post from you in the upcoming as well. In fact your creative writing abilities has inspired me to get my own site now. Actually the blogging is spreading its wings rapidly. Your write up is a great example of it.
It’s hard to find knowledgeable people on this topic, but you sound like you know what you’re talking about! Thanks
It’s hard to find knowledgeable people on this topic, but you sound like you know what you’re talking about! Thanks
I conceive this internet site has some very good information for everyone :D. « When you get a thing the way you want it, leave it alone. » by Sir Winston Leonard Spenser Churchill.
What i don’t understood is if truth be told how you are no longer actually much more well-favored than you might be right now. You are so intelligent. You already know therefore significantly in relation to this topic, produced me in my view believe it from a lot of varied angles. Its like women and men are not interested except it’s something to do with Lady gaga! Your individual stuffs outstanding. Always take care of it up!
clozapine 50mg uk – order glimepiride pill buy pepcid medication
Amazing blog! Do you have any suggestions for aspiring writers? I’m planning to start my own website soon but I’m a little lost on everything. Would you advise starting with a free platform like WordPress or go for a paid option? There are so many choices out there that I’m completely overwhelmed .. Any tips? Thank you!
buy seroquel pills – buy generic bupron SR for sale purchase eskalith generic
clomipramine 25mg oral – order celexa pill brand sinequan 25mg
Good day very nice web site!! Man .. Beautiful .. Wonderful .. I will bookmark your blog and take the feeds additionally…I’m satisfied to seek out numerous useful information right here in the post, we’d like work out more techniques on this regard, thank you for sharing.
order atarax without prescription – nortriptyline for sale online buy endep
Thanks for every other magnificent article. The place else may anyone get that kind of information in such a perfect method of writing? I’ve a presentation next week, and I’m on the look for such information.
buy cheap amoxicillin – cefadroxil buy online buy baycip cheap
I have read a few just right stuff here. Definitely worth bookmarking for revisiting. I surprise how a lot effort you set to make this kind of fantastic informative website.
cleocin 300mg pill – chloramphenicol online buy purchase chloramphenicol generic
buy cheap azithromycin – buy tindamax buy ciplox 500 mg online cheap
Thanks a bunch for sharing this with all of us you actually know what you are talking about! Bookmarked. Please also visit my web site =). We could have a link exchange agreement between us!
It is really a nice and useful piece of info. I¦m glad that you simply shared this useful info with us. Please keep us up to date like this. Thanks for sharing.
ivermectin 3 mg without a doctor prescription – stromectol otc purchase cefaclor generic
I was reading some of your blog posts on this website and I think this internet site is very informative ! Continue posting.
My truth and wellness blog is an online platform dedicated to sharing authentic and evidence based information on various aspects of personal well-being. With a focus on promoting a holistic approach to health
My truth and wellness blog is an online platform dedicated to sharing authentic and evidence based information on various aspects of personal well-being. With a focus on promoting a holistic approach to health
ventolin inhalator for sale – buy albuterol inhalator sale order theo-24 Cr 400mg generic
When I originally commented I clicked the -Notify me when new comments are added- checkbox and now each time a comment is added I get four emails with the same comment. Is there any way you can remove me from that service? Thanks!
Hey, I think your site might be having browser compatibility issues. When I look at your website in Opera, it looks fine but when opening in Internet Explorer, it has some overlapping. I just wanted to give you a quick heads up! Other then that, wonderful blog!
where can i buy methylprednisolone – cetirizine online buy buy cheap generic azelastine
Right now it appears like BlogEngine is the best blogging platform out there right now. (from what I’ve read) Is that what you’re using on your blog?
order clarinex online – order flixotide sale purchase ventolin
I like the valuable info you provide in your articles. I’ll bookmark your blog and check once more right here frequently. I am slightly sure I’ll learn a lot of new stuff proper here! Best of luck for the following!
Hi, just required you to know I he added your site to my Google bookmarks due to your layout. But seriously, I believe your internet site has 1 in the freshest theme I??ve came across. It extremely helps make reading your blog significantly easier.
Way cool, some valid points! I appreciate you making this article available, the rest of the site is also high quality. Have a fun.
Very efficiently written post. It will be beneficial to everyone who usess it, as well as me. Keep up the good work – can’r wait to read more posts.
I wanted to thank you for this great read!! I definitely enjoying every little bit of it I have you bookmarked to check out new stuff you post…
micronase cheap – actos 30mg pills dapagliflozin 10 mg sale
What Is Puravive? Before we delve into the various facets of the supplement, let’s start with the most important
Rattling great information can be found on website. « The quality of an organization can never exceed the quality of the minds that make it up. » by Harold R. McAlindon.
I love it when people come together and share opinions, great blog, keep it up.
purchase repaglinide online – order repaglinide 1mg sale jardiance 25mg us
buy generic glucophage 500mg – buy metformin pill acarbose generic
It is truly a nice and useful piece of info. I¦m glad that you shared this helpful information with us. Please keep us up to date like this. Thanks for sharing.
You have brought up a very fantastic points, regards for the post.
Hi! I’ve been following your web site for a long time now and finally got the courage to go ahead and give you a shout out from Dallas Texas! Just wanted to tell you keep up the fantastic work!
brand lamisil – order fulvicin generic purchase griseofulvin
buy rybelsus 14 mg – buy generic DDAVP over the counter purchase DDAVP without prescription
buy ketoconazole 200 mg generic – buy lotrisone generic how to get itraconazole without a prescription
Wow, incredible blog structure! How lengthy have you been blogging for? you make running a blog look easy. The total look of your website is wonderful, let alone the content material!
buy cheap generic famvir – valcivir brand buy valaciclovir pill
purchase digoxin online – labetalol price order furosemide 100mg
I really like your writing style, great info, regards for putting up :D. « Much unhappiness has come into the world because of bewilderment and things left unsaid. » by Feodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky.